Association of Imaging-based Predictors with Outcome in Different Treatment Options for Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

PURPOSE: Intracerebral hemorrhage is the deadliest form of stroke. This study aimed to enhance the prediction of 30-day mortality in intracerebral hemorrhage patients by integrating computational parameters. METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed 435 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Utilizing the acquired computed tomography (CT) images, we extracted the contour and visual representation of ICH. For the extracted contour, the analysis encompassed factors including compactness, fractal dimension, Fourier factor, and circle factor. For the images depicting ICH, we calculated various factors related to density distribution including mean, coefficient of variance, skewness and kurtosis, as well as texture parameters, such as energy, entropy, contrast and homogeneity. To assess the impact of surgical treatment on 30-day mortality, logistic regression analysis was used. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients (29.09%) died within 30 days. A total of 62 (14.25%) patients underwent surgical treatment. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that surgical treatment was independently associated with a lower risk of 30-day mortality (odds ratio, OR 0.226, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.049-0.85; p = 0.039). Based on the moderated analysis, we found that the volume of ICH (OR 0.905, 95% CI 0.902-0.908; p < 0.001) and ICH energy (OR 1.389, 95%CI 0.884-0.988; p = 0.010) had positive moderating effect on such associations while the presence of intraventricular blood had negative moderating effect (OR 1.154, 95% CI 1.034-1.628; p = 0.010). CONCLUSION: Patients exhibiting a higher volume and energy of ICH might benefit from surgical treatment; however, this efficacy was found to be diminished in cases involving the presence of intraventricular blood.

Predictors of good functional outcome in ischaemic stroke patients without delayed neurological improvement after mechanical thrombectomy.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to identify predictors of 90-day good functional outcome (GFO) in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) who were treated with mechanical thrombectomy but did not achieve a delayed neurological improvement (DNI). CLINICAL RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY: In-hospital neurological improvement in patients with AIS is consistently associated with long- -term GFO. Patients who experience neither early nor delayed neurological improvement can still achieve long-term GFO, but predictors of such an outcome have not been studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This single-centre retrospective study involved 307 patients with anterior circulation AIS treated with mechanical thrombectomy. Multiple clinical, biochemical, radiological, and treatment-related variables were collected and analysed. DNI on day 7 was defined as at least a 10-point reduction in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score or NIHSS score < 2. GFO on day 90 was defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≤ 2. We compared the characteristics of patients with and without DNI, with special attention paid to patients who achieved 90-GFO despite a lack of DNI. Multivariate analyses were then performed to establish independent predictors of 90-day GFO among patients without DNI. RESULTS: DNI occurred in 150 out of 307 patients (48.7%) and significantly increased the odds for 90-day GFO (odds ratio [OR]: 13.99; p < 0.001). Among patients without DNI, 41.4% achieved 90-day GFO. Younger age (OR: 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93-0.99; p = 0.008), lower baseline NIHSS score (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.73-0.89; p < 0.001), treatment with intravenous thrombolysis (OR: 3.06; 95% CI: 1.25-7.49; p = 0.014), lack of an undetermined aetiology (OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.16-0.998; p = 0.050), lack of pneumonia (OR: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.02-0.31; p < 0.001), and higher haemoglobin concentration on admission (OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.04-1.69; p = 0.024) were identified as predictors of 90-day GFO in this subgroup. CONCLUSION: Almost half of patients with AIS in anterior circulation treated with mechanical thrombectomy experience DNI, which is a good predictor of 90-day GFO. Furthermore, 40% of patients without DNI achieve 90-day GFO which can be independently predicted by younger age, lower baseline NIHSS score, treatment with intravenous thrombolysis, higher haemoglobin concentration on admission, lack of undetermined ischaemic stroke aetiology, and lack of pneumonia.

Mechanical thrombectomy in COVID-19-associated ischaemic stroke: patient characteristics and outcomes in a single-centre study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical profiles and outcomes of patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection and acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) at the Comprehensive Stroke Centre (CSC) of the University Hospital in Krakow. CLINICAL RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY: COVID-19 is a risk factor for AIS and worsens prognosis in patients with large artery occlusions. During the pandemic, the global number of MT has dropped. At the same time, studies assessing outcomes of this treatment in COVID-19-associated AIS have produced divergent results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this single-centre study, we retrospectively analysed and compared the clinical profiles (age, sex, presence of cardiovascular risk factors, neurological deficit at admission), stroke size (measured using postprocessing analysis of perfusion CT with RAPID software), time from stroke onset to arrival at the CSC, time from arrival at the CSC to groin puncture, treatment with intravenous thrombolysis, length of hospitalisation, laboratory test results, and short-term outcomes (measured with Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction scale, modified Rankin Scale and National Health Institute Stroke Scale) in patients with AIS treated with MT during the pandemic. A comparison between patients with and without concomitant SARS-CoV2 infection was then performed. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between 15 COVID (+) and 167 COVID (-) AIS patients treated with AIS with respect to clinical profiles (p > 0.05), stroke size (p > 0.05) or outcomes (NIHSS at discharge, 8.1 (SD = 7.1) vs. 8.8 (SD = 9.6), p = 0.778, mRS at discharge 2.9 (SD = 2) vs. 3.1 (SD = 2.1), p = 0.817, death rate 6.7% vs. 12.6%, p = 0.699). There was a significant difference between patients with and without COVID-19 concerning time from arrival at the CSC to groin puncture [104.27 (SD = 51.47) vs. 97.63 (SD = 156.94) min., p = 0.044] and the length of hospitalisation [23.7 (SD = 11.9) vs. 10.5 (SD = 6.9) days, p < 0.001]. CONCLUSION: In AIS patients treated with MT, concomitant SARS-CoV2 infection did not affect the outcome. Our observations need to be confirmed in larger, and preferably multicentre, studies.

Venous return in acute ischaemic stroke patients measured during computed tomography angiography of head and neck.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to analyse the general features and usefulness of the time elapsed between the start of contrast agent infusion and its appearance in the aortic arch in acute ischaemic stroke patients subjected to baseline computed tomographic angiography. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study of this parameter in a clinical context. We will refer to it hereafter as 'needle-to-aorta delay' (NAD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The following were recorded: the time it took iodinated contrast media to reach the aorta, the site of occlusion, and automatic perfusion assessments of infarct and salvageable tissue volumes. Demographic data such as age and sex, comorbidities, and clinical factors including heart rate, blood pressure, time elapsed from symptom onset, initial stroke severity, and course of disease, were also assessed. RESULTS: We analysed 252 cases of stroke. NAD correlated with tissue at risk volume, and was greater for patients with hypertension and atrial fibrillation. The observed time was significantly shorter with less favourable core-to-penumbra ratios. No link was found between NAD and either the rate of infarct progression or the long-term clinical result. CONCLUSIONS: Although no clinical benefit was proven as a result of measuring the time it took contrast media to reach the aorta, our study implies that not only is the brain subject to circulation, but it may also affect its functioning.

The prognostic significance of large vessel occlusion in stroke patients treated by intravenous thrombolysis.

PURPOSE: According to guidelines, to shorten the treatment window, acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) treatment by intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) can be done based on the results of head computed tomography (CT) without contrast. The impact of large vessel occlusion (LVO) on computed tomography angiography (CTA) in stroke prognosis in patients treated IVT or IVT and mechanical thrombectomy (MT), where indicated, has not yet been studied systematically. We investigated the influence of LVO in consecutive AIS patients on haemorrhagic transformation (HT) on CT 24 h after treatment, mRS < 2 on discharge (unfavourable outcome), and in-hospital mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analysed several parameters within 24 h after AIS: demographics, risk factors, mRS score pre-stroke, NIHSS upon admission and 24 h later, several clinical and biochemical parameters, and chronic treatment. RESULTS: We registered 1209 patients, of whom 362 (29.9%) received IVT and 108 had MT, where indicated. Admission CTA showed LVO in 197 patients (54.4%). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the presence of LVO and lower delta NIHSS (NIHSS on admission minus NIHSS 24 hours later) were independent parameters affecting HT risk. Multivariate analysis showed that the presence LVO and also older age, female sex, lower delta NIHSS, HT, stroke-associated infection, CRP levels ≥ 10 mg/L, and higher WBC count affected unfavourable outcome on discharge. LVO did not affect in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: LVO in AIS patients treated by IVT or IVT and MT affects the risk of HT and unfavourable short-term outcome but not in-hospital mortality.

Prognostic Significance of Stroke-Associated Infection and other Readily Available Parameters in Acute Ischemic Stroke Treated by Intravenous Thrombolysis.

OBJECTIVES: The impact of contracting stroke-associate infection (SAI) that requires antibiotic treatment after an acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treated with alteplase remains unclear. We studied the profiles of SAI in patients with AIS treated with alteplase toward identifying predictive factors and prognostic implications at 90 days post-stroke. METHODS: We analyzed 33 parameters readily available within 24 hours after AIS: demographics, risk factors, and several clinical and biochemical parameters. Outcome measures were mRS ≤ 2 and mortality 90 days post-stroke. RESULTS: 83 (23.6%) of 352 patients developed SAI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that atrial fibrillation, mRS above 0 pre-stroke, lower delta NIHSS (the difference between NIHSS score measured upon admission and 24 hours after later), CRP≥10 mg/L, and elevated WBC count affected SAI risk (model including CRP levels and WBC count) and atrial fibrillation, mRS above 0 pre-stroke, lower delta NIHSS, HT, and elevated fibrinogen levels affected SAI risk (model excluding CRP levels and WBC count). 231 patients (74.1%) had mRS ≤ 2 at day 90. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that younger age, no hypertension, mRS=0 pre-stroke, higher delta NIHSS, no HT, no SAI, and CRP<10 mg/L, were associated with mRS≤2 at day 90. 54 (15.3%) patients died within 90 days. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that pre-stroke mRS>0, lower delta NIHSS, HT, CRP≥10 mg/L, lower triglyceride levels affected the risk of death within 90 days. CONCLUSIONS: Several markers available within 24 hours post-stroke were predictive of SAI that requires antibiotic treatment. SAI affects long-term outcome but not mortality.

Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke during therapeutic anticoagulation: long-term outcomes.

AIM OF STUDY: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is one of the aetiological treatment options recommended for anticoagulated patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). We analysed its long-term outcomes using the modified Rankin Score (mRS) or mortality on day 90. CLINICAL RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY: Data describing the anticoagulant efficacy and safety of MT in patients with AIS is limited. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 291 patients with AIS (49% women, mean [SD] age 66 [15] years) who underwent MT in the Comprehensive Stroke Centre in Krakow, Poland. Data describing demographics, stroke risk factors, NIHSS on admission, postprocedural thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score, 24-hour postprocedural haemorrhagic transformation (ECASS-2) as seen on computed tomography, and time between stroke onset and groin puncture was collected. The outcome measure was the mRS on day 90 after stroke onset (a favourable outcome was defined as an mRS not exceeding 2 points; an unfavourable outcome was death). RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients (13%) were on therapeutic anticoagulation during MT. Univariate analysis showed that anticoagulated patients were older and more likely to have been diagnosed with hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, or atrial fibrillation. The patient groups did not differ in terms of clot location, postprocedural thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score, haemorrhagic transformation on computed tomography, or mRS on day 90. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that younger age, male sex, no history of diabetes mellitus, lower NIHSS score on admission, shorter time between stroke onset and groin puncture, and better recanalisation were associated with favourable outcomes at day 90, and that therapeutic anticoagulation was not (OR, 1.00; 95%CI, 0.46-2.15; p = 0.99). Anticoagulation did not affect mortality at day 90 (OR, 1.28; 95%CI, 0.56-2.92; p = 0.55). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: In anticoagulated patients with AIS, MT does not affect long-term outcomes.

Real-World Comparison of Human and Software Image Assessment in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients' Qualification for Reperfusion Treatment.

Our aim was to compare human and computer accuracy in reading medical images of acute stroke patients. We analyzed data of patients who underwent assessment of Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) and CT Perfusion (CTP) via Rapid Processing of Perfusion and Diffusion (RAPID) software RAPID ASPECTS, and RAPID CTP), compared to radiologist reports and manual measurements. We compared volumes calculated by RAPID CTP software with those selected by scanner-equipped software (GE). For reference, follow-up images were manually assessed in accordance with the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) territories retrospectively. Although exact ASPECTS score agreement between the automatic and manual methods, and between each method and follow-up, was poor, crossing of the threshold for reperfusion therapy was characterized by an 80% match. CT perfusion analyses yielded only slight agreement (kappa = 0.193) in the qualification of patients for therapy. Either automatic or manual scoring methods of non-contrast images imply similar clinical decisions in real-world circumstances. However, volume measurements performed by fully automatic and manually assisted systems are not comparable. Thresholds devised and validated for computer algorithms are not compatible with measurements performed manually using other software and should not be applied to setups other than those with which they were developed.

Time from stroke onset to groin puncture affects rate of recanalisation after mechanical thrombectomy: a real-life single centre experience.

AIM OF THE STUDY: We investigated whether the time elapsed between stroke onset and groin puncture (SO-GP) affects the rate of recanalisation as measured by the Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) scale. CLINICAL RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY: There is no doubt that the effectiveness of thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) is time-dependent. There is growing evidence that there is a correlation between SO-GP time and rate of recanalisation in patients treated by mechanical thrombectomy (MT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed in patients treated in the Comprehensive Stroke Centre in Krakow that covers 3.5 million inhabitants. The following data was collected for this study: demographics, stroke risk factors, transportation (directly from home or via another hospital), admission NIHSS, IV rt-PA administration prior to MT, the number of passes used during MT, and SO-GP time. The favourable outcome measure was TICI 2b or 3. RESULTS: 223 patients (48.4% females; mean age: 66.0 ± 16.6 years) with anterior circulation strokes were treated by MT; 64.6% arrived directly from home. Mean admission NIHSS was 15.6 ± 5.3. IV rtPA was administered in 68.6% of patients. At least two thrombectomy passes were required in 20.6% of cases. Median SO-GP time was 240 minutes (IQR range: 180-305 minutes). Grade 3 or 2b TICI scores were obtained in 70.4% of patients. Univariate logistic regression showed that among all studied parameters, only NIHSS affected the rate of recanalisation, but in a multivariate logistic regression model, the only parameter that affected the rate of recanalisation was the SO-GP time (OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60-0.98, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: We suggest that SO-GP time affects the rate of recanalisation in patients with MT.

Fasting Hyperglycemia and Long-term Outcome in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Treated with Mechanical Thrombectomy.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the prognostic role of fasting glucose after mechanical thrombectomy (MT). AIMS: We investigated whether fasting glucose on the next day after MT was associated with long-term outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients according to diabetes. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 181 consecutive patients with acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke who underwent MT in 2 comprehensive stroke centers in Poland. Glucose levels were evaluated on admission and on the next day after MT. Fasting hyperglycemia (FHG) was defined as the glucose level above 5.5 mmol/L. Unfavorable outcome was defined as modified Rankin scale (mRS) of 3-6 at day 90 from stroke onset. RESULTS: Patients with FHG had higher mRS at 3-month follow-up compared with those without FHG (3.71 ± 2.56 versus 1.87 ± 2.22, P < .001). In the subgroup analyses, FHG was associated with poor neurological outcome in the group without diabetes (3.74 ± 2.52 versus 1.81 ± 3.74, P < .001) but not with diabetes (3.64 ± 2.67 versus 2.30 ± 3.74, P= .11). Patients without diabetes who had FHG were older, had higher glucose on admission, higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation, cardioembolic stroke etiology and bleeding brain complications compared with the group with normal fasting glucose. After adjustment for potential confounders, fasting glucose (odds ratio [OR] 1.46; 95% CI 1.19-1.79, P < .001), age (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.02-1.10, P = .001), successful reperfusion (OR 0.09; 95% CI 0.04-0.22, P < .001) and baseline NIHSS score (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.08-1.29, P < .001) were predictors of mRS 3-6 at 3-month follow-up in the whole group. In the subgroup without diabetes, fasting glucose (OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.17-2.11, P = .002), age (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.08, P = .008), successful reperfusion (OR 0.11; 95% CI 0.04-0.30, P < .001) and baseline NIHSS score (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.04-1.26, P = .011) were independent predictors of unfavorable 3-month outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Fasting glucose on the next day after MT in patients with acute ischemic stroke is an independent risk factor for worse 3-month outcome.

Post-stroke infection in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy does not affect long-term outcome.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of an infection that requires antibiotic treatment (IRAT) after an acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) remains unclear. AIM: Here, we studied the prevalence and the profile of IRAT in patients with AIS treated with MT, aiming to identify predictive factors and prognostic implications at 90 days after stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed parameters available within 24 h after AIS including demographics, risk factors, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) upon admission and 24 h later, hemorrhagic transformation (HT) on computed tomography, and several clinical and biochemical markers. The outcome measures were the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0-2 and 90 days post-stroke mortality. RESULTS: We included 291 patients; in 184 (63.2%) patients MT was preceded by intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), and 83 (28.5%) patients developed IRAT. Multivariate analysis showed that male sex and hemorrhagic transformation on CT taken 24 h after stroke increased the risk of IRAT. We found that younger age, male sex, lower delta NIHSS, shorter time from stroke onset to groin puncture, better recanalization and a lack of hemorrhagic transformation on CT taken 24 h after stroke favorably affected outcome at day 90. Multivariate analysis showed that older age, higher delta NIHSS, unknown stroke etiology and lack of treatment with IVT were independent predictors of death up to day 90. Infection that required antibiotic treatment did not enter in the models for the studied outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: In AIS patients treated with MT, IRAT is not an independent factor that affects favorable outcome or mortality 90 days after stroke.

FTIR, Raman and AFM characterization of the clinically valid biochemical parameters of the thrombi in acute ischemic stroke.

The significance and utility of innovative imaging techniques in arterial clot analysis, which enable far more detailed and automated analysis compared to standard methods, are presented. The examination of two types of human thrombi is shown, representing the main ischemic stroke etiologies: fibrin-predominant clot of large vessel origin and red blood cells-rich clot of cardioembolic origin. The synergy effect of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy (RS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques supported by chemometrics in comparison with reference histological staining was presented. The main advantage of such approach refers to free-label and non-destructive quantitative imaging of clinically valid, biochemical parameters in whole sample (FTIR-low resolution) and selected regions (RS-ultra-high resolution). We may include here analysis of lipid content, its distribution and total degree of unsaturation as well as analysis of protein content (mainly fibrin and hemoproteins). The AFM studies enhanced the vibrational data, showed clearly shape and thickness of clot features as well as visualized the fibrin framework. The extraordinary sensitivity of FTIR and RS imaging toward detection and discrimination of clinically valid parameters in clot confirms its applicability in assessment of thrombi origin.

Outcome estimation based on multimodal computed tomography examination in acute ischaemic stroke patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Reperfusion therapy for acute ischaemic stroke used within a time window of 6 h following symptom onset, although currently the treatment of choice, is characterised by certain limitations and carries certain risks. AIM: To assess the potential for predicting the risks and limitations of reperfusion therapy by means of advanced neuroimaging. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For this purpose, the baseline CT scans of patients with ischaemic stroke treated by means of mechanical thrombectomy were assessed retrospectively using the Combined Multimodal Computed Tomography Score (CMCTS), modified to account for the perfusion examination of a limited area. These data were then combined with radiological and clinical outcomes, in particular haemorrhagic stroke transformation and scoring on a modified Rankin scale (mRS). RESULTS: Based on material from 85 patients, the scoring system we employed enabled us to distinguish a group that did not benefit from treatment with specificity and a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 64%. Neither the relationship between the score and early haemorrhagic complications, nor the effectiveness or severity of the course of the thrombectomy procedure itself was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: There is no justification for the use of reperfusion procedures in acute ischaemic stroke in the anterior circulation in patients with initially unfavourable multimodal computed tomography scores.

[Plasma homocysteine concentration in patients with ischaemic stroke caused by large or small vessel disease]. / Steienie homocysteiny w osoczu chorych na udar niedokrwienny mózgu spowodowany choroba duzych lub malych naczyn.

UNLABELLED: Homocysteine is known risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, but its contribution to the different etiologies of ischaemic stroke remains unclear. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Comparison of homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin 812 plasma concentrations in patients with ischaemic stroke due to large vessel disease (LVD), small vessel disease (SVD) and in controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 71 patients with ischaemic stroke (including 30 patients with LVD and 41 patients with SVD) as well as 30 control subjects. Aetiology of ischaemic stroke was established according to the TOAST criteria using computed tomography of the head, EKG, carotid ultrasound and echocardiography. In patients being 3-12 months after stroke we registered age, sex and the presence of common risk factors for stroke. The serum concentrations of homocysteine, folic acid, and vitamin 812 were measured in venous blood samples drawn after the overnight fasting. RESULTS: Serum homocysteine concentrations were similar in patients with LVD, SVD, and in controls (19.5 +/- 8.9, 18.6 +/- 6.6, and 16.8 +/- 6.4 micromol/l, respectively) (p = 0.36, ANOVA). Vitamin 812 concentrations did not differ significantly among patients with LVD, SVD, and in controls (377 +/- 143, 414 +/- 179, and 412 +/- 173 pg/ml, respectively) (p = 0.66, ANOVA). Patients with LVD, SVD, and controls were also similar regarding the concentrations of folic acid (7.1 +/- 4.0, 6.4 +/- 2.7, and 7.6 +/- 4.0 ng/ml, respectively) (p = 0.38, ANOVA). CONCLUSION: Serum concentrations of homocysteine, vitamin 812, and folic acid are similar in patients with stroke due to LVD, SVD, and in control subjects.

Glutathione peroxidase 1 C593T polymorphism is associated with lobar intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress plays an important role in vascular pathology and contributes to the pathophysiology of primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PICH). Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) is a key enzyme of the antioxidant system. Here, we investigated whether a functional C593T polymorphism of GPX1 gene is associated with PICH in a Polish population. METHODS: Genotyping was performed in 192 PICH patients and 197 unrelated controls matched for age and sex. All were of Caucasian origin. The C593T GPX1 polymorphism was investigated using the polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS: Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between genotypes containing the T allele and the entire PICH group (OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.02-2.29) and lobar PICH (OR = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.31-4.26) but not nonlobar PICH (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 0.75-1.89). CONCLUSIONS: We found a positive association between the studied GPX1 polymorphism and lobar PICH in a Polish population.

[Comparison of plasma concentrations of fibrinogen in patients with ischemic stroke due to large vessel disease and small vessel disease]. / Porównanie stezen fibrynogenu w osoczu chorych na udar niedokrwienny mózgu spowodowany choroba duzych naczyn i choroba malych naczyn

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hyperfibrinogenemia is a known cardiovascular risk factor, but its role as a risk factor for ischemic stroke remains controversial. Most studies on this topic did not consider the different etiologies of ischemic stroke. We designed this study to compare plasma fibrinogen concentrations in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel disease (LVD) or small vessel disease (SVD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 203 patients with acute ischemic stroke, including 107 patients with SVD and 96 subjects with LVD. Etiology of stroke was established according to the TOAST criteria, using computed tomography, ultrasonography of the carotid and vertebral arteries as well as echocardiography. The plasma concentration of fibrinogen was measured in venous blood samples drawn within 48 hours from the onset of stroke. RESULTS: Patients with LVD were more likely to be men and more likely to have ischemic heart disease. The median plasma concentration of fibrinogen was higher in patients with LVD [3.7 g/l (2.9-4.9 g/l)] than in patients with SVD [3.2 g/l (2.6-3.8 g/l); p=0.0001]. Hyperfibrinogenemia (i.e. plasma fibrinogen concentration >3.5 g/l) occurred more frequently in patients with LVD (54.2%) than in patients with SVD (35.5%; p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ischemic stroke due to LVD have a higher concentration of plasma fibrinogen than patients with SVD, they also present more frequently with hyperfibrinogenemia. Further studies of risk factors for stroke should take into account various etiologies of ischemic stroke.

Increased plasma fibrinogen predicts one-year mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Increased plasma fibrinogen is a risk factor for vascular diseases related to atherosclerosis. Its long-term predictive value in stroke survivors is not established. We conducted this study to establish the significance of hyperfibrinogenemia as the possible predictor of 30-day and one-year mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: We studied 900 unselected patients with ischemic stroke admitted to the hospital within 24 h after onset of symptoms. We noted demographic data, risk factors for stroke, neurological deficit and disturbances of consciousness on admission. We measured plasma concentration of fibrinogen and the body temperature on day 1 and registered vital status at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after stroke. RESULTS: Mean concentration of plasma fibrinogen was 2.9 g/L and 25.2% of patients had increased plasma concentration of fibrinogen (i.e. > or = 3.5 g/L) on day 1. Patients with hyperfibrinogenemia were more likely to die after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months than those with normal plasma fibrinogen (21.1% vs. 15.6%, 36.4% vs. 24.6%, 42.6% vs. 27.3%, 45.7% vs. 31.2%, respectively; P < 0.001 for the last three differences). Hyperfibrinogenemia did not predict short-term case-fatality, but increased concentration of plasma fibrinogen was an independent predictor of one-year case-fatality (P = 0.013; OR: 1.69 (95% CI 1.12-2.55)). Other independent predictors of one-year case-fatality were: neurological deficit on admission, age, white blood cell count, and body temperature on day 1. CONCLUSIONS: Increased concentration of plasma fibrinogen shortly after ischemic stroke independently increases risk of death within one year after stroke.